Probiotics for COVID-19: real-time analysis of all 16 studies

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Database of all probiotics COVID-19 studies. The immune effects of probiotics are strain-specific and studies use different strains. Submit updates/corrections.

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Oct 13	Late	Ivashkin et al., Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins, doi:10.1007/s12602-021-09858-5 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↑2.0%, p=1.00	Efficacy of a Probiotic Consisting of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PDV 1705, Bifidobacterium bifidum PDV 0903, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis PDV 1911, and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum PDV 2301 in the Treatment of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: a Randomized Controlled Trial
	Details RCT 200 patients, 99 treated with a probiotic (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PDV 1705, Bifidobacterium bifidum PDV 0903, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis PDV 1911, and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum PDV 2301). There was no sign..
Oct 13	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Ivashkin et al., Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins, doi:10.1007/s12602-021-09858-5 (Peer Reviewed)
	Efficacy of a Probiotic Consisting of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PDV 1705, Bifidobacterium bifidum PDV 0903, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis PDV 1911, and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum PDV 2301 in the Treatment of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: a Randomized Controlled Trial
	RCT 200 patients, 99 treated with a probiotic (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PDV 1705, Bifidobacterium bifidum PDV 0903, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis PDV 1911, and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum PDV 2301). There was no significant difference in mortality or recovery time, however benefits were seen for diarrhea. NCT04854941. risk of death, 2.0% higher, RR 1.02, p = 1.00, treatment 4 of 99 (4.0%), control 4 of 101 (4.0%). risk of mechanical ventilation, 18.4% lower, RR 0.82, p = 1.00, treatment 4 of 99 (4.0%), control 5 of 101 (5.0%). risk of ICU admission, 27.1% lower, RR 0.73, p = 0.77, treatment 5 of 99 (5.1%), control 7 of 101 (6.9%). recovery time, 4.8% lower, relative time 0.95, p = 0.47, treatment 99, control 101. Ivashkin et al., 10/13/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Russia, Europe, peer-reviewed, 11 authors.
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Aug 30	Late	Rathi et al., Medicines, doi:10.3390/medicines8090047 (Peer Reviewed)		A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Efficacy of Systemic Enzymes and Probiotics in the Resolution of Post-COVID Fatigue
	Details RCT 200 long-COVID patients in India, 100 treated with ImmunoSEB and ProbioSEB CSC3, showing improved recovery of post-COVID-19 fatigue with treatment. CTRI/2021/05/033576.
Aug 30	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Rathi et al., Medicines, doi:10.3390/medicines8090047 (Peer Reviewed)
	A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Efficacy of Systemic Enzymes and Probiotics in the Resolution of Post-COVID Fatigue
	RCT 200 long-COVID patients in India, 100 treated with ImmunoSEB and ProbioSEB CSC3, showing improved recovery of post-COVID-19 fatigue with treatment. CTRI/2021/05/033576. Rathi et al., 8/30/2021, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.
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Aug 23	Late	Ceccarelli et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13082898 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓70.4%, p=0.42	Oxygen Sparing Effect of Bacteriotherapy in COVID-19
	Details Prospective analysis of 69 severe COVID-19 patients requiring non-invasive oxygen therapy, 40 treated with probiotic formulation SLAB51, showing lower oxygen requirements and higher blood levels of pO2, O2Hb and SaO₂ with treatment. Autho..
Aug 23	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Ceccarelli et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13082898 (Peer Reviewed)
	Oxygen Sparing Effect of Bacteriotherapy in COVID-19
	Prospective analysis of 69 severe COVID-19 patients requiring non-invasive oxygen therapy, 40 treated with probiotic formulation SLAB51, showing lower oxygen requirements and higher blood levels of pO2, O2Hb and SaO₂ with treatment. Authors suggest that enzymes in SLAB51 could reduce oxygen requirements in intestinal cells, resulting in more oxygen available for other organs. risk of death, 70.4% lower, RR 0.30, p = 0.42, treatment 0 of 40 (0.0%), control 1 of 29 (3.4%), continuity correction due to zero event. risk of ICU admission, 81.9% lower, RR 0.18, p = 0.15, treatment 1 of 40 (2.5%), control 4 of 29 (13.8%). Ceccarelli et al., 8/23/2021, prospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 10 authors.
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Aug 4	Late	Zhang et al., Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology, doi:10.1177/17562848211035670 (Peer Reviewed)	hosp. time, ↓13.6%, p=0.009	Probiotics use is associated with improved clinical outcomes among hospitalized patients with COVID-19
	Details Retrospective 375 patients in China, 179 treated with probiotics (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus), showing improved clinical outcomes with treatment.
Aug 4	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Zhang et al., Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology, doi:10.1177/17562848211035670 (Peer Reviewed)
	Probiotics use is associated with improved clinical outcomes among hospitalized patients with COVID-19
	Retrospective 375 patients in China, 179 treated with probiotics (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus), showing improved clinical outcomes with treatment. hospitalization time, 13.6% lower, relative time 0.86, p = 0.009, treatment 150, control 150, PSM. time to clinical improvement, 14.3% lower, relative time 0.86, p = 0.02, treatment 150, control 150, PSM. time to viral-, 16.7% lower, relative time 0.83, p < 0.001, treatment 150, control 150, PSM. Zhang et al., 8/4/2021, retrospective, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 14 authors.
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Jun 30	Early	Veterini et al., Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 15:2 (Peer Reviewed)	viral- time, ↓29.0%, p=0.22	Probiotics Intake as Adjunct Therapy for Infected Health-Care with SARS COV-2
	Details Small case control analysis with 15 probiotics patients and 15 contol patients, showing no significant differences. PCR tests were only done weekly. Dosage is unknown. 115/LOE/301.4.2/IX/2020.
Jun 30	Details Source PDF Early treatment study Early treatment study
	Veterini et al., Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 15:2 (Peer Reviewed)
	Probiotics Intake as Adjunct Therapy for Infected Health-Care with SARS COV-2
	Small case control analysis with 15 probiotics patients and 15 contol patients, showing no significant differences. PCR tests were only done weekly. Dosage is unknown. 115/LOE/301.4.2/IX/2020. time to viral-, 29.0% lower, relative time 0.71, p = 0.22, treatment 15, control 15. Veterini et al., 6/30/2021, retrospective, Indonesia, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.
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Jun 24	PrEP	Wang et al., Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.646184 (Peer Reviewed)		Oropharyngeal Probiotic ENT-K12 Prevents Respiratory Tract Infections Among Frontline Medical Staff Fighting Against COVID-19: A Pilot Study
	Details Prophylaxis RCT in China with 98 healthcare workes in close contact with COVID-19 patients treated with Bactoblis oropharyngeal probiotic containing S. thermophilus ENT-K12, and 95 control patients, showing lower incidence of respiratory ..
Jun 24	Details Source PDF Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
	Wang et al., Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.646184 (Peer Reviewed)
	Oropharyngeal Probiotic ENT-K12 Prevents Respiratory Tract Infections Among Frontline Medical Staff Fighting Against COVID-19: A Pilot Study
	Prophylaxis RCT in China with 98 healthcare workes in close contact with COVID-19 patients treated with Bactoblis oropharyngeal probiotic containing S. thermophilus ENT-K12, and 95 control patients, showing lower incidence of respiratory infections with treatment (none were confirmed COVID-19, details of testing are not provided). Wang et al., 6/24/2021, peer-reviewed, 13 authors.
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Jun 1	Late	Meskina et al., Therapeutic Archive, doi:10.26442/00403660.2021.04.200835 (Peer Reviewed)		Efficiency of application of sorbed probiotics in complex therapy of pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2
	Details RCT 100 pneumonia patients in Russia, showing faster symptom resolution with probiotic treatment (B. bifidum 1).
Jun 1	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Meskina et al., Therapeutic Archive, doi:10.26442/00403660.2021.04.200835 (Peer Reviewed)
	Efficiency of application of sorbed probiotics in complex therapy of pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2
	RCT 100 pneumonia patients in Russia, showing faster symptom resolution with probiotic treatment (B. bifidum 1). Meskina et al., 6/1/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Russia, Europe, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.
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May 31	PrEP	Ahanchian et al., Open Journal of Nursing, doi:10.4236/ojn.2021.115025 (Peer Reviewed)	symp. case, ↓73.3%, p=0.35	Synbiotic for Prevention of SARS-Cov2 Infection in High Risk Hospital Staffs: A Randomized Controlled Trial
	Details Small RCT 60 healthcare workers in Iran, showing lower cases with treatment but without statistical significance. Once daily oral synbiotic capsule (Lactocare®) containing 1 billion CFU L. (Lactobacillus) casei, L. rhamnosus, Streptococcu..
May 31	Details Source PDF Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
	Ahanchian et al., Open Journal of Nursing, doi:10.4236/ojn.2021.115025 (Peer Reviewed)
	Synbiotic for Prevention of SARS-Cov2 Infection in High Risk Hospital Staffs: A Randomized Controlled Trial
	Small RCT 60 healthcare workers in Iran, showing lower cases with treatment but without statistical significance. Once daily oral synbiotic capsule (Lactocare®) containing 1 billion CFU L. (Lactobacillus) casei, L. rhamnosus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium breve, L. acidophilus, Bifidobacterium infantis, L. bulgaricus, and Fructooligosacharide. IRCT-20101020004976N6. respiratory symptoms, 73.3% lower, RR 0.27, p = 0.35, treatment 1 of 29 (3.4%), control 4 of 31 (12.9%). risk of COVID-19 case, 85.3% lower, RR 0.15, p = 0.24, treatment 0 of 29 (0.0%), control 3 of 31 (9.7%), continuity correction due to zero event. Ahanchian et al., 5/31/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 14 authors.
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May 24	Early	Gutiérrez-Castrellón et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.21256954 (Preprint)	no recov., ↓34.7%, p<0.0001	Efficacy and safety of novel probiotic formulation in adult Covid19 outpatients: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
	Details RCT 293 outpatients in Mexico, 147 treated with a probiotic composed of three L. plantarum strains (KABP022, KABP023 and KABP033) and one P. acidilacti strain (KABP021), showing improved recovery with treatment. There were no hospitalizat..
May 24	Details Source PDF Early treatment study Early treatment study
	Gutiérrez-Castrellón et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.21256954 (Preprint)
	Efficacy and safety of novel probiotic formulation in adult Covid19 outpatients: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
	RCT 293 outpatients in Mexico, 147 treated with a probiotic composed of three L. plantarum strains (KABP022, KABP023 and KABP033) and one P. acidilacti strain (KABP021), showing improved recovery with treatment. There were no hospitalizations or deaths. NCT04517422. risk of no recovery, 34.7% lower, RR 0.65, p < 0.001, treatment 69 of 147 (46.9%), control 105 of 146 (71.9%). Gutiérrez-Castrellón et al., 5/24/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Mexico, North America, preprint, 9 authors.
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Apr 7	Review	Di Pierro, F., Minerva Medica, doi:10.23736/S0026-4806.20.06570-2 (Review) (Peer Reviewed)	review	A possible probiotic (S. salivarius K12) approach to improve oral and lung microbiotas and raise defenses against SARS-CoV-2
	Details Review of the potential use of S. salivarius K12 for COVID-19. Author notes that strain K12 of Streptococcus salivarius may reduce occurrence of viral upper respiratory tract infections, possibly due to its ability to stimulate IFN-γ rele..
Apr 7	Details Source PDF Review Review
	Di Pierro, F., Minerva Medica, doi:10.23736/S0026-4806.20.06570-2 (Review) (Peer Reviewed)
	A possible probiotic (S. salivarius K12) approach to improve oral and lung microbiotas and raise defenses against SARS-CoV-2
	Review of the potential use of S. salivarius K12 for COVID-19. Author notes that strain K12 of Streptococcus salivarius may reduce occurrence of viral upper respiratory tract infections, possibly due to its ability to stimulate IFN-γ release and to activate natural killer cells without triggering aggressive inflammatory responses. Di Pierro et al., 4/7/2021, peer-reviewed, 1 author.
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Mar 19	Review	Kurian et al., Archives of Medical Research, doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.03.002 (Review) (Peer Reviewed)	review	Probiotics in Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19: Current Perspective and Future Prospects
	Details Review of probiotics role in regulating the immune system and use in viral infections, and studies on the association of microbiota with COVID-19 patients. Authors suggest that probiotics supplementation could reduce COVID-19 morbidity an..
Mar 19	Details Source PDF Review Review
	Kurian et al., Archives of Medical Research, doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.03.002 (Review) (Peer Reviewed)
	Probiotics in Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19: Current Perspective and Future Prospects
	Review of probiotics role in regulating the immune system and use in viral infections, and studies on the association of microbiota with COVID-19 patients. Authors suggest that probiotics supplementation could reduce COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, and they note that probiotics may suppress the inflammatory cytokine response. Kurian et al., 3/19/2021, peer-reviewed, 11 authors.
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Mar 12	PrEP	Di Pierro et al., Minerva Medica, doi:10.23736/S0026-4806.21.07487-5 (Peer Reviewed)	cases, ↓98.0%, p<0.0001	The administration of S. salivarius K12 to children may reduce the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection
	Details Interim report on an RCT for prophylactic treatment with S. salivarius K12, showing significantly lower cases with treatment. Only patients with symptoms or known positive contacts were tested. Trial identification/registration details ar..
Mar 12	Details Source PDF Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
	Di Pierro et al., Minerva Medica, doi:10.23736/S0026-4806.21.07487-5 (Peer Reviewed)
	The administration of S. salivarius K12 to children may reduce the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection
	Interim report on an RCT for prophylactic treatment with S. salivarius K12, showing significantly lower cases with treatment. Only patients with symptoms or known positive contacts were tested. Trial identification/registration details are not provided. risk of COVID-19 case, 98.0% lower, RR 0.02, p < 0.001, treatment 0 of 64 (0.0%), control 24 of 64 (37.5%), continuity correction due to zero event. Di Pierro et al., 3/12/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 2 authors.
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Mar 5	Late	Li et al., International Immunopharmacology, doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107531 (Peer Reviewed)	no disch., ↑11.8%, p=0.68	The role of probiotics in coronavirus disease-19 infection in Wuhan: A retrospective study of 311 severe patients
	Details Retrospective 311 severe condition hospitalized patients in China, 123 treated with probiotics, showing slower viral clearance and recovery with treatment. Authors note that probiotics were able to moderate immunity and decrease the incid..
Mar 5	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Li et al., International Immunopharmacology, doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107531 (Peer Reviewed)
	The role of probiotics in coronavirus disease-19 infection in Wuhan: A retrospective study of 311 severe patients
	Retrospective 311 severe condition hospitalized patients in China, 123 treated with probiotics, showing slower viral clearance and recovery with treatment. Authors note that probiotics were able to moderate immunity and decrease the incidence of secondary infections. risk of no hospital discharge, 11.8% higher, RR 1.12, p = 0.68, treatment 30 of 123 (24.4%), control 41 of 188 (21.8%). time to discharge, 60.0% higher, relative time 1.60, p < 0.001, treatment 123, control 188. time to viral-, 35.3% higher, relative time 1.35, p < 0.001, treatment 123, control 188. Li et al., 3/5/2021, retrospective, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.
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Feb 13	Review	Singh et al., Nutrition Research, doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.014 (Review) (Peer Reviewed)	review	Probiotics: A potential immunomodulator in COVID-19 infection management
	Details Review of studies supporting the use of probiotics for respiratory infections and identification of microbial strains potentially beneficial for COVID-19.
Feb 13	Details Source PDF Review Review
	Singh et al., Nutrition Research, doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.014 (Review) (Peer Reviewed)
	Probiotics: A potential immunomodulator in COVID-19 infection management
	Review of studies supporting the use of probiotics for respiratory infections and identification of microbial strains potentially beneficial for COVID-19. Singh et al., 2/13/2021, peer-reviewed, 2 authors.
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Feb 2	Late	Shah et al., Advances in Clinical Toxicology, doi:10.23880/act-16000204 (Peer Reviewed)	recov. time, ↓10.8%, p=0.19	Potential of the Combination of a Systemic Enzyme Complex and Probiotics administration to Combat COVID-19: A Randomized Open Label Prospective Analysis
	Details Small RCT 60 patients in India, 30 treated with ImmunoSEB and ProbioSEB CSC3, showing faster recovery with treatment. CTRI/2020/09/027685, CTRI/2020/08/027168.
Feb 2	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Shah et al., Advances in Clinical Toxicology, doi:10.23880/act-16000204 (Peer Reviewed)
	Potential of the Combination of a Systemic Enzyme Complex and Probiotics administration to Combat COVID-19: A Randomized Open Label Prospective Analysis
	Small RCT 60 patients in India, 30 treated with ImmunoSEB and ProbioSEB CSC3, showing faster recovery with treatment. CTRI/2020/09/027685, CTRI/2020/08/027168. time to clinical improvement, 10.8% lower, relative time 0.89, p = 0.19, treatment 30, control 30. hospitalization time, 10.6% lower, relative time 0.89, p = 0.18, treatment 30, control 30. risk of no clinical improvement, 83.3% lower, RR 0.17, p = 0.005, treatment 2 of 30 (6.7%), control 12 of 30 (40.0%), day 10 mid-recovery. risk of no clinical improvement, 3.7% lower, RR 0.96, p = 1.00, treatment 26 of 30 (86.7%), control 27 of 30 (90.0%), day 7. Shah et al., 2/2/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, India, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 3 authors, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with multi-enzyme formulation) - results of individual treatments may vary.
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Jan 11	Late	Ceccarelli et al., Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.613928 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓64.2%, p=0.003	Oral Bacteriotherapy in Patients With COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study
	Details Retrospective 200 severe condition hospitalized patients in Italy, 88 treated with probiotic Sivomixx, showing lower mortality with treatment.
Jan 11	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Ceccarelli et al., Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.613928 (Peer Reviewed)
	Oral Bacteriotherapy in Patients With COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study
	Retrospective 200 severe condition hospitalized patients in Italy, 88 treated with probiotic Sivomixx, showing lower mortality with treatment. risk of death, 64.2% lower, RR 0.36, p = 0.003, treatment 10 of 88 (11.4%), control 34 of 112 (30.4%), adjusted, OR converted to RR. risk of ICU admission, 15.2% lower, RR 0.85, p = 0.60, treatment 16 of 88 (18.2%), control 24 of 112 (21.4%). Ceccarelli et al., 1/11/2021, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 14 authors.
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Dec 15 2020	Review	Stavropoulou et al., Frontiers in Nutrition, doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.614986 (Review) (Peer Reviewed)	review	Probiotics as a Weapon in the Fight Against COVID-19
	Details Review of the potential benefits of probiotics for COVID-19.
Dec 15 2020	Details Source PDF Review Review
	Stavropoulou et al., Frontiers in Nutrition, doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.614986 (Review) (Peer Reviewed)
	Probiotics as a Weapon in the Fight Against COVID-19
	Review of the potential benefits of probiotics for COVID-19. Stavropoulou et al., 12/15/2020, peer-reviewed, 2 authors.
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Nov 30 2020	PrEP	Louca et al., BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000250 (preprint 11/30/20) (Peer Reviewed)	cases, ↓8.5%, p=0.03	Modest effects of dietary supplements during the COVID-19 pandemic: insights from 445 850 users of the COVID-19 Symptom Study app
	Details Survey analysis of dietary supplements showing probiotic usage associated with lower incidence of COVID-19. These results are for PCR+ cases only, they do not reflect potential benefits for reducing the severity of cases. A number of bias..
Nov 30 2020	Details Source PDF Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
	Louca et al., BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000250 (preprint 11/30/20) (Peer Reviewed)
	Modest effects of dietary supplements during the COVID-19 pandemic: insights from 445 850 users of the COVID-19 Symptom Study app
	Survey analysis of dietary supplements showing probiotic usage associated with lower incidence of COVID-19. These results are for PCR+ cases only, they do not reflect potential benefits for reducing the severity of cases. A number of biases could affect the results, for example users of the app may not be representative of the general population, and people experiencing symptoms may be more likely to install and use the app. risk of COVID-19 case, 8.5% lower, RR 0.92, p = 0.03, OR converted to RR, United Kingdom, all adjustment model. Louca et al., 11/30/2020, retrospective, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 26 authors.
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Oct 5 2020	Review	Olaimat et al., npj Science of Food, doi:10.1038/s41538-020-00078-9 (Review) (Peer Reviewed)	review	The potential application of probiotics and prebiotics for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19
	Details Review of the immune benefits of probiotics and clinical studies for the preventation and treatment of respiratory infections, recommending trials of probiotics for COVID-19.
Oct 5 2020	Details Source PDF Review Review
	Olaimat et al., npj Science of Food, doi:10.1038/s41538-020-00078-9 (Review) (Peer Reviewed)
	The potential application of probiotics and prebiotics for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19
	Review of the immune benefits of probiotics and clinical studies for the preventation and treatment of respiratory infections, recommending trials of probiotics for COVID-19. Olaimat et al., 10/5/2020, peer-reviewed, 10 authors.
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Jul 7 2020	Late	d'Ettorre et al., Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00389 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓87.0%, p=0.14	Challenges in the Management of SARS-CoV2 Infection: The Role of Oral Bacteriotherapy as Complementary Therapeutic Strategy to Avoid the Progression of COVID-19
	Details Retrospective 70 hospitalized patients in Italy, 28 treated with probiotic Sivomixx, showing lower risk of respiratory failure and faster recovery with treatment.
Jul 7 2020	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	d'Ettorre et al., Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00389 (Peer Reviewed)
	Challenges in the Management of SARS-CoV2 Infection: The Role of Oral Bacteriotherapy as Complementary Therapeutic Strategy to Avoid the Progression of COVID-19
	Retrospective 70 hospitalized patients in Italy, 28 treated with probiotic Sivomixx, showing lower risk of respiratory failure and faster recovery with treatment. risk of death, 87.0% lower, RR 0.13, p = 0.14, treatment 0 of 28 (0.0%), control 4 of 42 (9.5%), continuity correction due to zero event. risk of mechanical ventilation, 76.9% lower, RR 0.23, p = 0.51, treatment 0 of 28 (0.0%), control 2 of 42 (4.8%), continuity correction due to zero event. respiratory failure, 88.4% lower, RR 0.12, p = 0.01, treatment 28, control 42, RR approximated with OR. d'Ettorre et al., 7/7/2020, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 17 authors.
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May 8 2020	Review	Baud et al., Frontiers in Public Health, doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00186 (Review) (Peer Reviewed)	review	Using Probiotics to Flatten the Curve of Coronavirus Disease COVID-2019 Pandemic
	Details Review of data supporting the use of probiotics for COVID-19 and mechanisms of action.
May 8 2020	Details Source PDF Review Review
	Baud et al., Frontiers in Public Health, doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00186 (Review) (Peer Reviewed)
	Using Probiotics to Flatten the Curve of Coronavirus Disease COVID-2019 Pandemic
	Review of data supporting the use of probiotics for COVID-19 and mechanisms of action. Baud et al., 5/8/2020, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.
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2015	Meta	Hao et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub3 (Preprint) (meta analysis)	meta-analysis	Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections
	Details Meta analysis of 12 RCTs with 3,720 patients showing probiotics reduced acute upper respiratory tract infections.
2015	Details Source PDF Meta Meta
	Hao et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub3 (Preprint) (meta analysis)
	Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections
	Meta analysis of 12 RCTs with 3,720 patients showing probiotics reduced acute upper respiratory tract infections. Hao et al., 1/1/2015, preprint, 3 authors.
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Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. Vaccines and treatments are both extremely valuable and complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used. Elimination of COVID-19 is a race against viral evolution. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. Denying the efficacy of any method increases the risk of COVID-19 becoming endemic; and increases mortality, morbidity, and collateral damage. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. Treatment protocols for physicians are available from the FLCCC.

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