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Late |
Zhang et al., Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, doi:10.1111/jgh.15796 |
ventilation, ↓64.7%, p=1.00 |
Gut microbiota‐derived synbiotic formula (SIM01) as a novel adjuvant therapy for COVID‐19: An open‐label pilot study |
Details
Pilot study of probiotic SIM01 with 25 consecutive COVID-19 patients in Hong Kong and 30 control patients treated by a different team during the same time period, showing improved antibody formation, reduced viral load and pro-inflammator.. |
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Late treatment study
Late treatment study
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Gut microbiota‐derived synbiotic formula (SIM01) as a novel adjuvant therapy for COVID‐19: An open‐label pilot study |
Zhang et al., Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, doi:10.1111/jgh.15796 |
Pilot study of probiotic SIM01 with 25 consecutive COVID-19 patients in Hong Kong and 30 control patients treated by a different team during the same time period, showing improved antibody formation, reduced viral load and pro-inflammatory responses, and improvements for gut dysbiosis. SIM01 contains bifidobacteria strains, galactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharide, and resistant dextrin (derived from metagenomic databases of COVID-19 patients and healthy patients).
risk of mechanical ventilation, 64.7% lower, RR 0.35, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 25 (0.0%), control 1 of 30 (3.3%), NNT 30, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.
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risk of no antibody formation, 67.3% lower, RR 0.33, p = 0.06, treatment 3 of 25 (12.0%), control 11 of 30 (36.7%), NNT 4.1.
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Zhang et al., 3/2/2022, retrospective, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 12 authors, trial NCT04581018.
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Submit Corrections or Comments
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Late |
Santinelli et al., Frontiers in Nutrition, doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.756177 |
no recov., ↓54.3%, p<0.0001 |
Oral Bacteriotherapy Reduces the Occurrence of Chronic Fatigue in COVID-19 Patients |
Details
Retrospective 58 hospitalized patients, 24 receiving probiotics during hospitalization, showing significantly lower fatigue six months post discharge with treatment. |
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Late treatment study
Late treatment study
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Oral Bacteriotherapy Reduces the Occurrence of Chronic Fatigue in COVID-19 Patients |
Santinelli et al., Frontiers in Nutrition, doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.756177 |
Retrospective 58 hospitalized patients, 24 receiving probiotics during hospitalization, showing significantly lower fatigue six months post discharge with treatment.
risk of no recovery, 54.3% lower, RR 0.46, p < 0.001, treatment 10 of 24 (41.7%), control 31 of 34 (91.2%), NNT 2.0, 6 months post discharge.
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risk of no recovery, 54.0% lower, RR 0.46, p < 0.001, treatment 9 of 22 (40.9%), control 24 of 27 (88.9%), NNT 2.1, 6 months post discharge, excluding ICU patients.
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Santinelli et al., 1/12/2022, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, survey, 14 authors.
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Submit Corrections or Comments
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PrEPPEP |
Wischmeyer et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.01.04.21268275 (Preprint) |
m/s case, ↓33.3%, p=0.15 |
Daily Lactobacillus Probiotic versus Placebo in COVID-19-Exposed Household Contacts (PROTECT-EHC): A Randomized Clinical Trial |
Details
RCT 182 COVID-19 exposed patients, 91 treated with daily probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG starting a median of 3 days from exposure, showing lower symptomatic COVID-19 with treatment. There were no hospitalizations or deaths. PROTECT-.. |
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Prophylaxis study
Prophylaxis study
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Daily Lactobacillus Probiotic versus Placebo in COVID-19-Exposed Household Contacts (PROTECT-EHC): A Randomized Clinical Trial |
Wischmeyer et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.01.04.21268275 (Preprint) |
RCT 182 COVID-19 exposed patients, 91 treated with daily probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG starting a median of 3 days from exposure, showing lower symptomatic COVID-19 with treatment. There were no hospitalizations or deaths. PROTECT-EHC. NCT04399252.
risk of moderate/severe case, 33.3% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.15, treatment 16 of 91 (17.6%), control 24 of 91 (26.4%), NNT 11.
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risk of symptomatic case, 38.5% lower, RR 0.62, p = 0.02, treatment 24 of 91 (26.4%), control 39 of 91 (42.9%), NNT 6.1, primary outcome.
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recovery time, 27.3% lower, relative time 0.73, p = 0.37, treatment 91, control 91.
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risk of case, 42.9% lower, RR 0.57, p = 0.17, treatment 8 of 91 (8.8%), control 14 of 91 (15.4%), NNT 15.
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Wischmeyer et al., 1/5/2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, North America, preprint, 21 authors, trial NCT04399252.
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Submit Corrections or Comments
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Late |
Wang et al., Annals of Palliative Medicine, doi:10.21037/apm-21-3373 |
The efficacy of probiotics in patients with severe COVID-19 |
Details
Retrospective 156 COVID-19 patients in China, showing that diarrhea was significantly more common in severe/critical cases, and for severe/critical patients experiencing diarrhea, the duration of diarrhea was shorter with probiotic treatm.. |
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Late treatment study
Late treatment study
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The efficacy of probiotics in patients with severe COVID-19 |
Wang et al., Annals of Palliative Medicine, doi:10.21037/apm-21-3373 |
Retrospective 156 COVID-19 patients in China, showing that diarrhea was significantly more common in severe/critical cases, and for severe/critical patients experiencing diarrhea, the duration of diarrhea was shorter with probiotic treatment. There was also significant improvements in inflammatory markers and time to PCR-. Details of the treatment and control groups are not supplied.
Wang et al., 12/31/2021, retrospective, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.
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Submit Corrections or Comments
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Late |
Bozkurt et al., International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, doi:10.1177/20587384211059677 |
Oral booster probiotic bifidobacteria in SARS-COV-2 patients |
Details
Small retrospective 44 hospitalized patients in Turkey, showing improved outcomes with probiotic bifidobacterium, however minimal group details are provided (for example, the age of the control patients is unknown), and no adjustments wer.. |
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Late treatment study
Late treatment study
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Oral booster probiotic bifidobacteria in SARS-COV-2 patients |
Bozkurt et al., International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, doi:10.1177/20587384211059677 |
Small retrospective 44 hospitalized patients in Turkey, showing improved outcomes with probiotic bifidobacterium, however minimal group details are provided (for example, the age of the control patients is unknown), and no adjustments were made.
Excluded in meta analysis:
unadjusted results with key group information missing.
Bozkurt et al., 11/25/2021, retrospective, Turkey, Europe, peer-reviewed, 2 authors.
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Submit Corrections or Comments
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Late |
Leal-Martínez et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, doi:10.3390/ijerph19031172 (preprint 10/25/2021) |
death, ↓85.7%, p=0.03 |
Effect of a Nutritional Support System to Increase Survival and Reduce Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 in Stage III and Comorbidities: A Blinded Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial |
Details
80 patient RCT with 40 patients treated with a comprehensive regimen of nutritional support, showing significantly lower mortality with treatment. Treatment contained cholecalciferol, vitamin C, zinc, spirulina maxima, folic acid, glutami.. |
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Late treatment study
Late treatment study
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Effect of a Nutritional Support System to Increase Survival and Reduce Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 in Stage III and Comorbidities: A Blinded Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial |
Leal-Martínez et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, doi:10.3390/ijerph19031172 (preprint 10/25/2021) |
80 patient RCT with 40 patients treated with a comprehensive regimen of nutritional support, showing significantly lower mortality with treatment. Treatment contained cholecalciferol, vitamin C, zinc, spirulina maxima, folic acid, glutamine, vegetable protein, selenium, resveratrol, omega-3 fatty acids, l-arginine, magnesium, probiotics, and B-complex IV. Adherence was strictly monitored. NCT04507867.
risk of death, 85.7% lower, RR 0.14, p = 0.03, treatment 1 of 40 (2.5%), control 7 of 40 (17.5%), NNT 6.7.
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risk of mechanical ventilation, 57.1% lower, RR 0.43, p = 0.31, treatment 3 of 40 (7.5%), control 7 of 40 (17.5%), NNT 10.0.
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Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:
combined treatments may contribute more to the effect seen.
Leal-Martínez et al., 10/25/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Mexico, North America, peer-reviewed, 7 authors, study period 1 September, 2020 - 28 February, 2021, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with comprehensive nutritional support) - results of individual treatments may vary, trial NCT04507867.
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Late |
Ivashkin et al., Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins, doi:10.1007/s12602-021-09858-5 |
death, ↑2.0%, p=1.00 |
Efficacy of a Probiotic Consisting of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PDV 1705, Bifidobacterium bifidum PDV 0903, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis PDV 1911, and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum PDV 2301 in the Treatment of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: a Randomized Controlled Trial |
Details
RCT 200 patients, 99 treated with a probiotic (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PDV 1705, Bifidobacterium bifidum PDV 0903, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis PDV 1911, and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum PDV 2301). There was no sign.. |
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Late treatment study
Late treatment study
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Efficacy of a Probiotic Consisting of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PDV 1705, Bifidobacterium bifidum PDV 0903, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis PDV 1911, and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum PDV 2301 in the Treatment of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: a Randomized Controlled Trial |
Ivashkin et al., Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins, doi:10.1007/s12602-021-09858-5 |
RCT 200 patients, 99 treated with a probiotic (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PDV 1705, Bifidobacterium bifidum PDV 0903, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis PDV 1911, and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum PDV 2301). There was no significant difference in mortality or recovery time, however benefits were seen for diarrhea. NCT04854941.
risk of death, 2.0% higher, RR 1.02, p = 1.00, treatment 4 of 99 (4.0%), control 4 of 101 (4.0%).
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risk of mechanical ventilation, 18.4% lower, RR 0.82, p = 1.00, treatment 4 of 99 (4.0%), control 5 of 101 (5.0%), NNT 110.
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risk of ICU admission, 27.1% lower, RR 0.73, p = 0.77, treatment 5 of 99 (5.1%), control 7 of 101 (6.9%), NNT 53.
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recovery time, 4.8% lower, relative time 0.95, p = 0.47, treatment 99, control 101.
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Ivashkin et al., 10/13/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Russia, Europe, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, average treatment delay 8.0 days, trial NCT04854941.
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Submit Corrections or Comments
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Late |
Rathi et al., Medicines, doi:10.3390/medicines8090047 |
no recov., ↓89.4%, p<0.0001 |
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Efficacy of Systemic Enzymes and Probiotics in the Resolution of Post-COVID Fatigue |
Details
RCT 200 long-COVID patients in India, 100 treated with ImmunoSEB and ProbioSEB CSC3, showing improved recovery of post-COVID-19 fatigue with treatment. CTRI/2021/05/033576. |
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Late treatment study
Late treatment study
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A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Efficacy of Systemic Enzymes and Probiotics in the Resolution of Post-COVID Fatigue |
Rathi et al., Medicines, doi:10.3390/medicines8090047 |
RCT 200 long-COVID patients in India, 100 treated with ImmunoSEB and ProbioSEB CSC3, showing improved recovery of post-COVID-19 fatigue with treatment. CTRI/2021/05/033576.
risk of no recovery, 89.4% lower, RR 0.11, p < 0.001, treatment 9 of 100 (9.0%), control 85 of 100 (85.0%), NNT 1.3, day 14, fatigue.
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Rathi et al., 8/30/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, India, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 3 authors, trial CTRI/2021/05/033576.
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Submit Corrections or Comments
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Late |
Ceccarelli et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13082898 |
death, ↓70.4%, p=0.42 |
Oxygen Sparing Effect of Bacteriotherapy in COVID-19 |
Details
Prospective analysis of 69 severe COVID-19 patients requiring non-invasive oxygen therapy, 40 treated with probiotic formulation SLAB51, showing lower oxygen requirements and higher blood levels of pO2, O2Hb and SaO2 with treatment. Autho.. |
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Late treatment study
Late treatment study
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Oxygen Sparing Effect of Bacteriotherapy in COVID-19 |
Ceccarelli et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13082898 |
Prospective analysis of 69 severe COVID-19 patients requiring non-invasive oxygen therapy, 40 treated with probiotic formulation SLAB51, showing lower oxygen requirements and higher blood levels of pO2, O2Hb and SaO2 with treatment. Authors suggest that enzymes in SLAB51 could reduce oxygen requirements in intestinal cells, resulting in more oxygen available for other organs.
risk of death, 70.4% lower, RR 0.30, p = 0.42, treatment 0 of 40 (0.0%), control 1 of 29 (3.4%), NNT 29, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.
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risk of ICU admission, 81.9% lower, RR 0.18, p = 0.15, treatment 1 of 40 (2.5%), control 4 of 29 (13.8%), NNT 8.9.
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Ceccarelli et al., 8/23/2021, prospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 10 authors.
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Submit Corrections or Comments
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Late |
Zhang et al., Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology, doi:10.1177/17562848211035670
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hosp. time, ↓13.6%, p=0.009 |
Probiotics use is associated with improved clinical outcomes among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 |
Details
Retrospective 375 patients in China, 179 treated with probiotics (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus), showing improved clinical outcomes with treatment. |
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Late treatment study
Late treatment study
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Probiotics use is associated with improved clinical outcomes among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 |
Zhang et al., Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology, doi:10.1177/17562848211035670
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Retrospective 375 patients in China, 179 treated with probiotics (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus), showing improved clinical outcomes with treatment.
hospitalization time, 13.6% lower, relative time 0.86, p = 0.009, treatment 150, control 150, PSM.
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time to clinical improvement, 14.3% lower, relative time 0.86, p = 0.02, treatment 150, control 150, PSM.
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time to viral-, 16.7% lower, relative time 0.83, p < 0.001, treatment 150, control 150, PSM.
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Zhang et al., 8/4/2021, retrospective, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 14 authors.
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Submit Corrections or Comments
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Early |
Veterini et al., Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 15:2 |
viral- time, ↓29.0%, p=0.22 |
Probiotics Intake as Adjunct Therapy for Infected Health-Care with SARS COV-2 |
Details
Small case control analysis with 15 probiotics patients and 15 contol patients, showing no significant differences. PCR tests were only done weekly. Dosage is unknown. 115/LOE/301.4.2/IX/2020. |
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Early treatment study
Early treatment study
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Probiotics Intake as Adjunct Therapy for Infected Health-Care with SARS COV-2 |
Veterini et al., Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 15:2 |
Small case control analysis with 15 probiotics patients and 15 contol patients, showing no significant differences. PCR tests were only done weekly. Dosage is unknown. 115/LOE/301.4.2/IX/2020.
time to viral-, 29.0% lower, relative time 0.71, p = 0.22, treatment 15, control 15.
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Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:
the observered difference in duration could be caused by the baseline difference in Ct values.
Veterini et al., 6/30/2021, retrospective, Indonesia, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.
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Submit Corrections or Comments
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PrEPPEP |
Wang et al., Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.646184 |
Oropharyngeal Probiotic ENT-K12 Prevents Respiratory Tract Infections Among Frontline Medical Staff Fighting Against COVID-19: A Pilot Study |
Details
Prophylaxis RCT in China with 98 healthcare workes in close contact with COVID-19 patients treated with Bactoblis oropharyngeal probiotic containing S. thermophilus ENT-K12, and 95 control patients, showing lower incidence of respiratory .. |
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Prophylaxis study
Prophylaxis study
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Oropharyngeal Probiotic ENT-K12 Prevents Respiratory Tract Infections Among Frontline Medical Staff Fighting Against COVID-19: A Pilot Study |
Wang et al., Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.646184 |
Prophylaxis RCT in China with 98 healthcare workes in close contact with COVID-19 patients treated with Bactoblis oropharyngeal probiotic containing S. thermophilus ENT-K12, and 95 control patients, showing lower incidence of respiratory infections with treatment (none were confirmed COVID-19, details of testing are not provided).
Wang et al., 6/24/2021, peer-reviewed, 13 authors.
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Submit Corrections or Comments
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Late |
Meskina et al., Therapeutic Archive, doi:10.26442/00403660.2021.04.200835 |
Efficiency of application of sorbed probiotics in complex therapy of pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 |
Details
RCT 100 pneumonia patients in Russia, showing faster symptom resolution with probiotic treatment (B. bifidum 1). |
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Details
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Late treatment study
Late treatment study
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Efficiency of application of sorbed probiotics in complex therapy of pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 |
Meskina et al., Therapeutic Archive, doi:10.26442/00403660.2021.04.200835 |
RCT 100 pneumonia patients in Russia, showing faster symptom resolution with probiotic treatment (B. bifidum 1).
Meskina et al., 6/1/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Russia, Europe, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.
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Submit Corrections or Comments
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PrEPPEP |
Ahanchian et al., Open Journal of Nursing, doi:10.4236/ojn.2021.115025 |
symp. case, ↓73.3%, p=0.35 |
Synbiotic for Prevention of SARS-Cov2 Infection in High Risk Hospital Staffs: A Randomized Controlled Trial |
Details
Small RCT 60 healthcare workers in Iran, showing lower cases with treatment but without statistical significance. Once daily oral synbiotic capsule (Lactocare®) containing 1 billion CFU L. (Lactobacillus) casei, L. rhamnosus, Streptococcu.. |
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Prophylaxis study
Prophylaxis study
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Synbiotic for Prevention of SARS-Cov2 Infection in High Risk Hospital Staffs: A Randomized Controlled Trial |
Ahanchian et al., Open Journal of Nursing, doi:10.4236/ojn.2021.115025 |
Small RCT 60 healthcare workers in Iran, showing lower cases with treatment but without statistical significance. Once daily oral synbiotic capsule (Lactocare®) containing 1 billion CFU L. (Lactobacillus) casei, L. rhamnosus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium breve, L. acidophilus, Bifidobacterium infantis, L. bulgaricus, and Fructooligosacharide. IRCT-20101020004976N6.
respiratory symptoms, 73.3% lower, RR 0.27, p = 0.35, treatment 1 of 29 (3.4%), control 4 of 31 (12.9%), NNT 11.
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risk of case, 85.3% lower, RR 0.15, p = 0.24, treatment 0 of 29 (0.0%), control 3 of 31 (9.7%), NNT 10, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.
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Ahanchian et al., 5/31/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 14 authors.
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Submit Corrections or Comments
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Early |
Gutiérrez-Castrellón et al., Gut Microbes, doi:10.1080/19490976.2021.2018899 (preprint 5/24/2021) |
no recov., ↓34.7%, p<0.0001 |
Probiotic improves symptomatic and viral clearance in Covid19 outpatients: a randomized, quadruple-blinded, placebo-controlled trial |
Details
RCT 293 outpatients in Mexico, 147 treated with a probiotic composed of three L. plantarum strains (KABP022, KABP023 and KABP033) and one P. acidilacti strain (KABP021), showing improved recovery with treatment. There were no hospitalizat.. |
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Early treatment study
Early treatment study
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Probiotic improves symptomatic and viral clearance in Covid19 outpatients: a randomized, quadruple-blinded, placebo-controlled trial |
Gutiérrez-Castrellón et al., Gut Microbes, doi:10.1080/19490976.2021.2018899 (preprint 5/24/2021) |
RCT 293 outpatients in Mexico, 147 treated with a probiotic composed of three L. plantarum strains (KABP022, KABP023 and KABP033) and one P. acidilacti strain (KABP021), showing improved recovery with treatment. There were no hospitalizations or deaths. NCT04517422.
risk of no recovery, 34.7% lower, RR 0.65, p < 0.001, treatment 69 of 147 (46.9%), control 105 of 146 (71.9%), NNT 4.0.
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Gutiérrez-Castrellón et al., 5/24/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Mexico, North America, peer-reviewed, 9 authors, average treatment delay 4.0 days, trial NCT04517422.
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Submit Corrections or Comments
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Review |
Di Pierro, F., Minerva Medica, doi:10.23736/S0026-4806.20.06570-2 (Review) |
review |
A possible probiotic (S. salivarius K12) approach to improve oral and lung microbiotas and raise defenses against SARS-CoV-2 |
Details
Review of the potential use of S. salivarius K12 for COVID-19. Author notes that strain K12 of Streptococcus salivarius may reduce occurrence of viral upper respiratory tract infections, possibly due to its ability to stimulate IFN-γ rele.. |
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Review
Review
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A possible probiotic (S. salivarius K12) approach to improve oral and lung microbiotas and raise defenses against SARS-CoV-2 |
Di Pierro, F., Minerva Medica, doi:10.23736/S0026-4806.20.06570-2 (Review) |
Review of the potential use of S. salivarius K12 for COVID-19. Author notes that strain K12 of Streptococcus salivarius may reduce occurrence of viral upper respiratory tract infections, possibly due to its ability to stimulate IFN-γ release and to activate natural killer cells without triggering aggressive inflammatory responses.
Di Pierro et al., 4/7/2021, peer-reviewed, 1 author.
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Submit Corrections or Comments
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PrEPPEP |
Holt et al., Thorax, doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-217487 |
cases, ↓30.4%, p=0.11 |
Risk factors for developing COVID-19: a population-based longitudinal study (COVIDENCE UK) |
Details
Prospective survey-based study with 15,227 people in the UK, showing lower risk of COVID-19 cases with vitamin A, vitamin D, zinc, selenium, probiotics, and inhaled corticosteroids; and higher risk with metformin and vitamin C. Statistica.. |
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Details
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Prophylaxis study
Prophylaxis study
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Risk factors for developing COVID-19: a population-based longitudinal study (COVIDENCE UK) |
Holt et al., Thorax, doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-217487 |
Prospective survey-based study with 15,227 people in the UK, showing lower risk of COVID-19 cases with vitamin A, vitamin D, zinc, selenium, probiotics, and inhaled corticosteroids; and higher risk with metformin and vitamin C. Statistical significance was not reached for any of these. Except for vitamin D, the results for treatments we follow were only adjusted for age, sex, duration of participation, and test frequency. NCT04330599. COVIDENCE UK.
risk of case, 30.4% lower, RR 0.70, p = 0.11, treatment 20 of 909 (2.2%), control 426 of 14,318 (3.0%), NNT 129, adjusted, OR converted to RR, minimally adjusted, group sizes approximated.
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Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:
significant unadjusted confounding possible.
Holt et al., 3/30/2021, prospective, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 34 authors, study period 1 May, 2020 - 5 February, 2021, trial NCT04330599.
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Submit Corrections or Comments
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Early |
Haran et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.03.26.21254422 (Preprint) |
death, ↓66.5%, p=1.00 |
Targeting the Microbiome With KB109 in Outpatients with Mild to Moderate COVID-19 Reduced Medically Attended Acute Care Visits and Improved Symptom Duration in Patients With Comorbidities |
Details
RCT 350 COVID+ outpatients in the USA, 174 treated with prebiotic KB109 (a microbiome metabolic therapy candidate), showing lower combined hospitalization, ER, and urgent care visits with treatment. NCT04414124. |
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Early treatment study
Early treatment study
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Targeting the Microbiome With KB109 in Outpatients with Mild to Moderate COVID-19 Reduced Medically Attended Acute Care Visits and Improved Symptom Duration in Patients With Comorbidities |
Haran et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.03.26.21254422 (Preprint) |
RCT 350 COVID+ outpatients in the USA, 174 treated with prebiotic KB109 (a microbiome metabolic therapy candidate), showing lower combined hospitalization, ER, and urgent care visits with treatment. NCT04414124.
risk of death, 66.5% lower, RR 0.33, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 174 (0.0%), control 1 of 176 (0.6%), NNT 176, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, death two weeks after study withdrawal.
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risk of hospitalization, 59.5% lower, RR 0.40, p = 0.45, treatment 2 of 174 (1.1%), control 5 of 176 (2.8%), NNT 59, including treatment period.
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risk of hospitalization/ER/urgent care, 50.0% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.13, treatment 7 of 169 (4.1%), control 15 of 181 (8.3%), NNT 24.
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time to resolution of symptoms, 20.3% lower, relative time 0.80, p = 0.10, treatment 169, control 172.
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Haran et al., 3/29/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, North America, preprint, 6 authors, study period 2 July, 2020 - 23 December, 2020, trial NCT04414124.
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Submit Corrections or Comments
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Review |
Kurian et al., Archives of Medical Research, doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.03.002 (Review) |
review |
Probiotics in Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19: Current Perspective and Future Prospects |
Details
Review of probiotics role in regulating the immune system and use in viral infections, and studies on the association of microbiota with COVID-19 patients. Authors suggest that probiotics supplementation could reduce COVID-19 morbidity an.. |
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Details
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Review
Review
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Probiotics in Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19: Current Perspective and Future Prospects |
Kurian et al., Archives of Medical Research, doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.03.002 (Review) |
Review of probiotics role in regulating the immune system and use in viral infections, and studies on the association of microbiota with COVID-19 patients. Authors suggest that probiotics supplementation could reduce COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, and they note that probiotics may suppress the inflammatory cytokine response.
Kurian et al., 3/19/2021, peer-reviewed, 11 authors.
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Submit Corrections or Comments
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PrEPPEP |
Di Pierro et al., Minerva Medica, doi:10.23736/S0026-4806.21.07487-5 |
cases, ↓98.0%, p<0.0001 |
The administration of S. salivarius K12 to children may reduce the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection |
Details
Interim report on an RCT for prophylactic treatment with S. salivarius K12, showing significantly lower cases with treatment. Only patients with symptoms or known positive contacts were tested. Trial identification/registration details ar.. |
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Prophylaxis study
Prophylaxis study
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The administration of S. salivarius K12 to children may reduce the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection |
Di Pierro et al., Minerva Medica, doi:10.23736/S0026-4806.21.07487-5 |
Interim report on an RCT for prophylactic treatment with S. salivarius K12, showing significantly lower cases with treatment. Only patients with symptoms or known positive contacts were tested. Trial identification/registration details are not provided.
risk of case, 98.0% lower, RR 0.02, p < 0.001, treatment 0 of 64 (0.0%), control 24 of 64 (37.5%), NNT 2.7, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.
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Di Pierro et al., 3/12/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 2 authors.
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Late |
Li et al., International Immunopharmacology, doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107531 |
no disch., ↑11.8%, p=0.68 |
The role of probiotics in coronavirus disease-19 infection in Wuhan: A retrospective study of 311 severe patients |
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Retrospective 311 severe condition hospitalized patients in China, 123 treated with probiotics, showing slower viral clearance and recovery with treatment. Authors note that probiotics were able to moderate immunity and decrease the incid.. |
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Late treatment study
Late treatment study
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The role of probiotics in coronavirus disease-19 infection in Wuhan: A retrospective study of 311 severe patients |
Li et al., International Immunopharmacology, doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107531 |
Retrospective 311 severe condition hospitalized patients in China, 123 treated with probiotics, showing slower viral clearance and recovery with treatment. Authors note that probiotics were able to moderate immunity and decrease the incidence of secondary infections.
risk of no hospital discharge, 11.8% higher, RR 1.12, p = 0.68, treatment 30 of 123 (24.4%), control 41 of 188 (21.8%).
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time to discharge, 60.0% higher, relative time 1.60, p < 0.001, treatment 123, control 188.
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time to viral-, 35.3% higher, relative time 1.35, p < 0.001, treatment 123, control 188.
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Li et al., 3/5/2021, retrospective, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 7 authors, average treatment delay 13.0 days.
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Review |
Singh et al., Nutrition Research, doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.014 (Review) |
review |
Probiotics: A potential immunomodulator in COVID-19 infection management |
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Review of studies supporting the use of probiotics for respiratory infections and identification of microbial strains potentially beneficial for COVID-19. |
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Review
Review
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Probiotics: A potential immunomodulator in COVID-19 infection management |
Singh et al., Nutrition Research, doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.014 (Review) |
Review of studies supporting the use of probiotics for respiratory infections and identification of microbial strains potentially beneficial for COVID-19.
Singh et al., 2/13/2021, peer-reviewed, 2 authors.
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Late |
Shah et al., Advances in Clinical Toxicology, doi:10.23880/act-16000204 |
recov. time, ↓10.8%, p=0.19 |
Potential of the Combination of a Systemic Enzyme Complex and Probiotics administration to Combat COVID-19: A Randomized Open Label Prospective Analysis |
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Small RCT 60 patients in India, 30 treated with ImmunoSEB and ProbioSEB CSC3, showing faster recovery with treatment. CTRI/2020/09/027685, CTRI/2020/08/027168. |
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Late treatment study
Late treatment study
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Potential of the Combination of a Systemic Enzyme Complex and Probiotics administration to Combat COVID-19: A Randomized Open Label Prospective Analysis |
Shah et al., Advances in Clinical Toxicology, doi:10.23880/act-16000204 |
Small RCT 60 patients in India, 30 treated with ImmunoSEB and ProbioSEB CSC3, showing faster recovery with treatment. CTRI/2020/09/027685, CTRI/2020/08/027168.
time to clinical improvement, 10.8% lower, relative time 0.89, p = 0.19, treatment 30, control 30.
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hospitalization time, 10.6% lower, relative time 0.89, p = 0.18, treatment 30, control 30.
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risk of no clinical improvement, 83.3% lower, RR 0.17, p = 0.005, treatment 2 of 30 (6.7%), control 12 of 30 (40.0%), NNT 3.0, day 10 mid-recovery.
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risk of no clinical improvement, 3.7% lower, RR 0.96, p = 1.00, treatment 26 of 30 (86.7%), control 27 of 30 (90.0%), NNT 30, day 7.
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Shah et al., 2/2/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, India, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 3 authors, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with multi-enzyme formulation) - results of individual treatments may vary.
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Late |
Ceccarelli et al., Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.613928 |
death, ↓64.2%, p=0.003 |
Oral Bacteriotherapy in Patients With COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study |
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Retrospective 200 severe condition hospitalized patients in Italy, 88 treated with probiotic Sivomixx, showing lower mortality with treatment. |
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Late treatment study
Late treatment study
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Oral Bacteriotherapy in Patients With COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study |
Ceccarelli et al., Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.613928 |
Retrospective 200 severe condition hospitalized patients in Italy, 88 treated with probiotic Sivomixx, showing lower mortality with treatment.
risk of death, 64.2% lower, RR 0.36, p = 0.003, treatment 10 of 88 (11.4%), control 34 of 112 (30.4%), NNT 5.3, adjusted, OR converted to RR.
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risk of ICU admission, 15.2% lower, RR 0.85, p = 0.60, treatment 16 of 88 (18.2%), control 24 of 112 (21.4%), NNT 31.
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Ceccarelli et al., 1/11/2021, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 14 authors.
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Review |
Stavropoulou et al., Frontiers in Nutrition, doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.614986 (Review) |
review |
Probiotics as a Weapon in the Fight Against COVID-19 |
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Review of the potential benefits of probiotics for COVID-19. |
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Review
Review
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Probiotics as a Weapon in the Fight Against COVID-19 |
Stavropoulou et al., Frontiers in Nutrition, doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.614986 (Review) |
Review of the potential benefits of probiotics for COVID-19.
Stavropoulou et al., 12/15/2020, peer-reviewed, 2 authors.
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PrEPPEP |
Louca et al., BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000250 (preprint 11/30/20) |
cases, ↓8.5%, p=0.03 |
Modest effects of dietary supplements during the COVID-19 pandemic: insights from 445 850 users of the COVID-19 Symptom Study app |
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Survey analysis of dietary supplements showing probiotic usage associated with lower incidence of COVID-19. These results are for PCR+ cases only, they do not reflect potential benefits for reducing the severity of cases. A number of bias.. |
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Prophylaxis study
Prophylaxis study
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Modest effects of dietary supplements during the COVID-19 pandemic: insights from 445 850 users of the COVID-19 Symptom Study app |
Louca et al., BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000250 (preprint 11/30/20) |
Survey analysis of dietary supplements showing probiotic usage associated with lower incidence of COVID-19. These results are for PCR+ cases only, they do not reflect potential benefits for reducing the severity of cases. A number of biases could affect the results, for example users of the app may not be representative of the general population, and people experiencing symptoms may be more likely to install and use the app.
risk of case, 8.5% lower, RR 0.92, p = 0.03, OR converted to RR, United Kingdom, all adjustment model.
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Louca et al., 11/30/2020, retrospective, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 26 authors.
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Review |
Olaimat et al., npj Science of Food, doi:10.1038/s41538-020-00078-9 (Review) |
review |
The potential application of probiotics and prebiotics for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 |
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Review of the immune benefits of probiotics and clinical studies for the preventation and treatment of respiratory infections, recommending trials of probiotics for COVID-19. |
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Review
Review
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The potential application of probiotics and prebiotics for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 |
Olaimat et al., npj Science of Food, doi:10.1038/s41538-020-00078-9 (Review) |
Review of the immune benefits of probiotics and clinical studies for the preventation and treatment of respiratory infections, recommending trials of probiotics for COVID-19.
Olaimat et al., 10/5/2020, peer-reviewed, 10 authors.
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Late |
d'Ettorre et al., Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00389 |
death, ↓87.0%, p=0.14 |
Challenges in the Management of SARS-CoV2 Infection: The Role of Oral Bacteriotherapy as Complementary Therapeutic Strategy to Avoid the Progression of COVID-19 |
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Retrospective 70 hospitalized patients in Italy, 28 treated with probiotic Sivomixx, showing lower risk of respiratory failure and faster recovery with treatment. |
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Late treatment study
Late treatment study
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Challenges in the Management of SARS-CoV2 Infection: The Role of Oral Bacteriotherapy as Complementary Therapeutic Strategy to Avoid the Progression of COVID-19 |
d'Ettorre et al., Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00389 |
Retrospective 70 hospitalized patients in Italy, 28 treated with probiotic Sivomixx, showing lower risk of respiratory failure and faster recovery with treatment.
risk of death, 87.0% lower, RR 0.13, p = 0.14, treatment 0 of 28 (0.0%), control 4 of 42 (9.5%), NNT 10, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.
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risk of mechanical ventilation, 76.9% lower, RR 0.23, p = 0.51, treatment 0 of 28 (0.0%), control 2 of 42 (4.8%), NNT 21, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.
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respiratory failure, 88.4% lower, OR 0.12, p = 0.01, treatment 28, control 42, RR approximated with OR.
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d'Ettorre et al., 7/7/2020, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 17 authors.
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Review |
Baud et al., Frontiers in Public Health, doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00186 (Review) |
review |
Using Probiotics to Flatten the Curve of Coronavirus Disease COVID-2019 Pandemic |
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Review of data supporting the use of probiotics for COVID-19 and mechanisms of action. |
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Review
Review
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Using Probiotics to Flatten the Curve of Coronavirus Disease COVID-2019 Pandemic |
Baud et al., Frontiers in Public Health, doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00186 (Review) |
Review of data supporting the use of probiotics for COVID-19 and mechanisms of action.
Baud et al., 5/8/2020, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.
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Meta |
Hao et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub3 (Preprint) (meta analysis) |
meta-analysis |
Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections |
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Meta analysis of 12 RCTs with 3,720 patients showing probiotics reduced acute upper respiratory tract infections. |
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Meta
Meta
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Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections |
Hao et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub3 (Preprint) (meta analysis) |
Meta analysis of 12 RCTs with 3,720 patients showing probiotics reduced acute upper respiratory tract infections.
Hao et al., 1/1/2015, preprint, 3 authors.
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