0
0.5
1
1.5
2+
Case
98%
Improvement
Relative Risk
Probiotics Di Pierro et al. Prophylaxis RCT
Do probiotics reduce COVID-19 infections?
RCT 128 patients in Italy (September - December 2020)
Fewer cases with probiotics (p<0.000001)
c19 early .org
Di Pierro et al., Minerva Medica, March 2021
Favors probiotics
Favors control
The administration of S. salivarius K12 to children may reduce the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection
18th treatment shown to reduce risk in
March 2021
* , now known with
p = 0.0000013 from 26 studies.
Interim report on an RCT for prophylactic treatment with S. salivarius K12, showing significantly lower cases with treatment. Only patients with symptoms or known positive contacts were tested. Trial identification/registration details are not provided.
The immune effects of probiotics are strain-specific.
risk of case, 98.0% lower , RR 0.02, p < 0.001 , treatment 0 of 64 (0.0%), control 24 of 64 (37.5%), NNT 2.7, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Di Pierro et al., 12 Mar 2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Italy, peer-reviewed, 2 authors, study period September 2020 - December 2020.
Abstract: ©
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COPYRIGHT 2021 EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
© 2021 EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA
Online version at http://www.minervamedica.it
Minerva Medica 2021 August;112(4):514-6
DOI: 10.23736/S0026-4806.21.07487-5
The administration of S. salivarius K12
to children may reduce the rate
of SARS-CoV-2 infection
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic,
provoked by the worldwide spread of the severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2),
has caused millions of infections and deaths worldwide
since its emergence at the end of 2019. Unfortunately,
natural immunity does not exist within the human population and no effective drug has been found thus far
specifically for the disease. Incredibly, scientists from
all over the world have developed some effective vaccines at an unprecedented pace.1 Unfortunately, vaccine
manufacturing and distribution are two important bottlenecks. For this reason, vaccination schedules are proceeding more slowly than they should and was perhaps
expected. While waiting for the current vaccination
campaigns to produce the herd effect desired by each
individual country, COVID-19 research has produced
new lines of scientific thought. For instance, recent
evidence showed the possible relationship between the
lung and oral microbiotas. Indeed, analysis of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of COVID-19 patients
revealed the presence of elevated levels of oral and upper respiratory commensal bacteria.2 Anatomical and
physiological considerations indicate that the oral cavity is the primary source of the lung microbiota community, acquired via aspiration and inhalation.3 Indeed, the
microbiota of the lungs overlaps with that found in the
mouth. In humans, the prominent taxa in BALF samples
include mainly Streptococcus, Prevotella and Veillonella, and these are indeed detected in concurrently collected oral samples. Recent studies have shown that the
microbiota in the lungs contributes to immunological
homeostasis and can potentially alter susceptibility to
viral infection.4 With respect to COVID-19, a particular
abundance of Prevotella and Veillonella spp. in the lung
microbiota composition has been observed in patients
with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia.5 A report by Iebba et al.6
(not yet peer-reviewed) profiled the oral microbiota of
healthy controls and COVID-19-hospitalized patients,
discovering the existence of four..
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