Outcomes in probiotics studies. The immune effects of probiotics are strain-specific and studies use different strains.
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Gutiérre.. (DB RCT) 35% 0.65 [0.53-0.80] no recov. 69/147 105/146 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 ​ = 0.00; I​2 ​ = 0.0% Early treatment 35% 0.65 [0.53-0.80] 69/147 105/146 35% improvement d'Ettorre 87% 0.13 [0.01-2.33] death 0/28 4/42 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Ceccarelli 64% 0.36 [0.18-0.68] death 10/88 34/112 Zhang 14% 0.86 [0.77-0.96] hosp. time 150 (n) 150 (n) Tau​2 ​ = 0.35; I​2 ​ = 76.5% Late treatment 47% 0.53 [0.23-1.22] 10/266 38/304 47% improvement Louca 8% 0.92 [0.85-0.99] cases Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 ​ = 0.00; I​2 ​ = 0.0% PrEP 8% 0.92 [0.85-0.99] 0/0 0/0 8% improvement All studies 24% 0.76 [0.63-0.92] 79/413 143/450 24% improvement 5 probiotics COVID-19 studies c19probiotics.com Aug 29, 2021 Tau​2 ​ = 0.03; I​2 ​ = 78.2%; Z = 2.78 Effect extraction pre-specified Lower Risk Increased Risk
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ d'Ettorre 87% 0.13 [0.01-2.33] 0/28 4/42 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Ceccarelli 64% 0.36 [0.18-0.68] 10/88 34/112 Tau​2 ​ = 0.00; I​2 ​ = 0.0% Late treatment 66% 0.34 [0.18-0.64] 10/116 38/154 66% improvement All studies 66% 0.34 [0.18-0.64] 10/116 38/154 66% improvement 2 probiotics COVID-19 mortality results c19probiotics.com Aug 29, 2021 Tau​2 ​ = 0.00; I​2 ​ = 0.0%; Z = 3.33 Lower Risk Increased Risk
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Ceccarelli 15% 0.85 [0.48-1.50] 16/88 24/112 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 ​ = 0.00; I​2 ​ = 0.0% Late treatment 15% 0.85 [0.48-1.50] 16/88 24/112 15% improvement All studies 15% 0.85 [0.48-1.50] 16/88 24/112 15% improvement 1 probiotics COVID-19 ICU result c19probiotics.com Aug 29, 2021 Tau​2 ​ = 0.00; I​2 ​ = 0.0%; Z = 0.57 Lower Risk Increased Risk
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Zhang 14% 0.86 [0.77-0.96] hosp. time 150 (n) 150 (n) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 ​ = 0.00; I​2 ​ = 0.0% Late treatment 14% 0.86 [0.77-0.96] 0/150 0/150 14% improvement All studies 14% 0.86 [0.77-0.96] 0/150 0/150 14% improvement 1 probiotics COVID-19 hospitalization result c19probiotics.com Aug 29, 2021 Tau​2 ​ = 0.00; I​2 ​ = 0.0%; Z = 2.61 Lower Risk Increased Risk
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ d'Ettorre 87% 0.13 [0.01-2.33] death 0/28 4/42 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Ceccarelli 64% 0.36 [0.18-0.68] death 10/88 34/112 Tau​2 ​ = 0.00; I​2 ​ = 0.0% Late treatment 66% 0.34 [0.18-0.64] 10/116 38/154 66% improvement All studies 66% 0.34 [0.18-0.64] 10/116 38/154 66% improvement 2 probiotics COVID-19 serious outcomes c19probiotics.com Aug 29, 2021 Tau​2 ​ = 0.00; I​2 ​ = 0.0%; Z = 3.33 Effect extraction pre-specified Lower Risk Increased Risk
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Louca 8% 0.92 [0.85-0.99] Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 ​ = 0.00; I​2 ​ = 0.0% PrEP 8% 0.92 [0.85-0.99] 8% improvement All studies 8% 0.92 [0.85-0.99] 8% improvement 1 probiotics COVID-19 case result c19probiotics.com Aug 29, 2021 Tau​2 ​ = 0.00; I​2 ​ = 0.0%; Z = 2.17 Lower Risk Increased Risk
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Zhang 17% 0.83 [0.75-0.93] 150 (n) 150 (n) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 ​ = 0.00; I​2 ​ = 0.0% Late treatment 17% 0.83 [0.75-0.93] 0/150 0/150 17% improvement All studies 17% 0.83 [0.75-0.93] 0/150 0/150 17% improvement 1 probiotics COVID-19 viral clearance result c19probiotics.com Aug 29, 2021 Tau​2 ​ = 0.00; I​2 ​ = 0.0%; Z = 3.30 Lower Risk Increased Risk
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Gutiérre.. (DB RCT) 35% 0.65 [0.53-0.80] no recov. 69/147 105/146 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 ​ = 0.00; I​2 ​ = 0.0% Early treatment 35% 0.65 [0.53-0.80] 69/147 105/146 35% improvement All studies 35% 0.65 [0.53-0.80] 69/147 105/146 35% improvement 1 probiotics COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials c19probiotics.com Aug 29, 2021 Tau​2 ​ = 0.00; I​2 ​ = 0.0%; Z = 4.19 Effect extraction pre-specified Lower Risk Increased Risk
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ d'Ettorre 87% 0.13 [0.01-2.33] death 0/28 4/42 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Ceccarelli 64% 0.36 [0.18-0.68] death 10/88 34/112 Zhang 14% 0.86 [0.77-0.96] hosp. time 150 (n) 150 (n) Tau​2 ​ = 0.35; I​2 ​ = 76.5% Late treatment 47% 0.53 [0.23-1.22] 10/266 38/304 47% improvement Louca 8% 0.92 [0.85-0.99] cases Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2 ​ = 0.00; I​2 ​ = 0.0% PrEP 8% 0.92 [0.85-0.99] 0/0 0/0 8% improvement All studies 17% 0.83 [0.69-1.00] 10/266 38/304 17% improvement 4 probiotics COVID-19 peer reviewed trials c19probiotics.com Aug 29, 2021 Tau​2 ​ = 0.02; I​2 ​ = 70.1%; Z = 2.01 Effect extraction pre-specified Lower Risk Increased Risk
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Gutiérre.. (DB RCT) 35% 0.65 [0.53-0.80] no recov. 69/147 105/146 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control d'Ettorre 87% 0.13 [0.01-2.33] death 0/28 4/42 d'Ettorre 77% 0.23 [0.01-4.63] ventilation 0/28 2/42 d'Ettorre 88% 0.12 [0.02-0.61] progression 28 (n) 42 (n) Ceccarelli 64% 0.36 [0.18-0.68] death 10/88 34/112 Ceccarelli 15% 0.85 [0.48-1.50] ICU 16/88 24/112 Zhang 14% 0.86 [0.77-0.96] hosp. time 150 (n) 150 (n) Zhang 14% 0.86 [0.75-0.98] recov. time 150 (n) 150 (n) Zhang 17% 0.83 [0.75-0.93] viral time 150 (n) 150 (n) Louca 8% 0.92 [0.85-0.99] cases probiotics COVID-19 outcomes c19probiotics.com Aug 29, 2021 Lower Risk Increased Risk
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments.
Vaccines and treatments are both extremely valuable and complementary. All
practical, effective, and safe means should be used. Elimination of COVID-19
is a race against viral evolution. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is
100% available and effective for all current and future variants. Denying the
efficacy of any method increases the risk of COVID-19 becoming endemic; and
increases mortality, morbidity, and collateral damage. We do not provide
medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician
who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based
on your medical history and situation. Treatment protocols for physicians are
available from the FLCCC .
Thanks for your feedback! Please search before submitting papers and note
that studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may be
the date of an earlier preprint.
Submit
