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18 probiotics COVID-19 controlled studies, 8 RCTs
34% improvement for early treatment, RR 0.66 [0.55-0.79]
c19probiotics.com Aug 2022
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Antiandrogens
Aspirin
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Cannabidiol
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Diet
Ensovibep
Exercise
Famotidine
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Iota-carragee..
Ivermectin
Lactoferrin
Melatonin
Metformin
Molnupiravir
Monoclonals..
Bamlanivimab/etesevimab
Bebtelovimab
Casirivimab/imdevimab
Sotrovimab
Tixagevimab/cilgavimab
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
Nitric Oxide
Paxlovid
Peg.. Lambda
Povidone-Iod..
Proxalutamide
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Sleep
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Zinc
Outcomes in probiotics studies. The immune effects of probiotics are strain-specific and studies use different strains.
All studies
Exclusions
Mortality
Ventilation
ICU
Hospitalization
Serious outcomes
Recovery
Cases
Viral clearance
RCTs
RCT mortality
Peer-reviewed
All outcomes
0
0.5
1
1.5+
All studies
22%
18
17,650
Improvement, Studies, Patients
Relative Risk
Mortality
61%
7
1,004
Ventilation
38%
3
325
ICU admission
29%
4
549
Hospitalization
13%
4
790
Recovery
15%
7
1,687
Cases
33%
5
15,597
Viral clearance
4%
3
641
RCTs
30%
8
1,353
RCT mortality
24%
3
630
Peer-reviewed
21%
16
17,118
Prophylaxis
31%
5
15,597
Early
34%
3
673
Late
17%
10
1,380
Probiotics for COVID-19
c19probiotics.com Aug 2022
Favors
probiotics
Favors
control
after exclusions
0
0.5
1
1.5+
ALL STUDIES
MORTALITY
VENTILATION
ICU ADMISSION
HOSPITALIZATION
RECOVERY
CASES
VIRAL CLEARANCE
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS
RCT MORTALITY
PEER-REVIEWED
After Exclusions
ALL STUDIES
All
Prophylaxis
Early
Late
Probiotics for COVID-19
C19PROBIOTICS.COM AUG 2022
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Haran (RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.16]
death
0/174
1/176
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Gutiérre.. (DB RCT)
35%
0.65 [0.53-0.80]
no recov.
69/147
105/146
Veterini
29%
0.71 [0.41-1.22]
viral time
15 (n)
15 (n)
Tau
2
= 0.00, I
2
= 0.0%, p < 0.0001
Early treatment
34%
0.66 [0.55-0.79]
69/336
106/337
34% improvement
d'Ettorre
87%
0.13 [0.01-2.33]
death
0/28
4/42
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Ceccarelli
64%
0.36 [0.18-0.68]
death
10/88
34/112
Shah (RCT)
11%
0.89 [0.75-1.06]
recov. time
30 (n)
30 (n)
CT
1
Li
-12%
1.12 [0.74-1.69]
no disch.
30/123
41/188
Zhang
14%
0.86 [0.77-0.96]
hosp. time
150 (n)
150 (n)
Ceccarelli
70%
0.30 [0.01-7.02]
death
0/40
1/29
Ivashkin (RCT)
-2%
1.02 [0.26-3.97]
death
4/99
4/101
Zhang
65%
0.35 [0.02-8.30]
ventilation
0/25
1/30
Saviano (RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-7.95]
death
0/40
1/40
Trinchieri
78%
0.22 [0.03-1.93]
death
1/21
3/14
Tau
2
= 0.02, I
2
= 31.0%, p = 0.047
Late treatment
17%
0.83 [0.70-1.00]
45/644
89/736
17% improvement
Louca
8%
0.92 [0.85-0.99]
cases
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Di Pierro (RCT)
98%
0.02 [0.00-0.33]
cases
0/64
24/64
Holt
30%
0.70 [0.45-1.10]
cases
20/909
426/14,318
Ahanchian (DB RCT)
73%
0.27 [0.03-2.25]
symp. case
1/29
4/31
Wischme.. (DB RCT)
33%
0.67 [0.38-1.17]
m/s case
16/91
24/91
Tau
2
= 0.11, I
2
= 63.4%, p = 0.085
Prophylaxis
31%
0.69 [0.45-1.05]
37/1,093
478/14,504
31% improvement
All studies
22%
0.78 [0.69-0.89]
151/2,073
673/15,577
22% improvement
18 probiotics COVID-19 studies
c19probiotics.com Aug 2022
Tau
2
= 0.02, I
2
= 49.0%, p = 0.00029
Effect extraction pre-specified
(most serious outcome)
1
CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors probiotics
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Haran (RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.16]
death
0/174
1/176
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Gutiérre.. (DB RCT)
35%
0.65 [0.53-0.80]
no recov.
69/147
105/146
Tau
2
= 0.00, I
2
= 0.0%, p < 0.0001
Early treatment
35%
0.65 [0.53-0.79]
69/321
106/322
35% improvement
d'Ettorre
87%
0.13 [0.01-2.33]
death
0/28
4/42
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Ceccarelli
64%
0.36 [0.18-0.68]
death
10/88
34/112
Shah (RCT)
11%
0.89 [0.75-1.06]
recov. time
30 (n)
30 (n)
CT
1
Li
-12%
1.12 [0.74-1.69]
no disch.
30/123
41/188
Zhang
14%
0.86 [0.77-0.96]
hosp. time
150 (n)
150 (n)
Ceccarelli
70%
0.30 [0.01-7.02]
death
0/40
1/29
Ivashkin (RCT)
-2%
1.02 [0.26-3.97]
death
4/99
4/101
Zhang
65%
0.35 [0.02-8.30]
ventilation
0/25
1/30
Saviano (RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-7.95]
death
0/40
1/40
Trinchieri
78%
0.22 [0.03-1.93]
death
1/21
3/14
Tau
2
= 0.02, I
2
= 31.0%, p = 0.047
Late treatment
17%
0.83 [0.70-1.00]
45/644
89/736
17% improvement
Louca
8%
0.92 [0.85-0.99]
cases
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Di Pierro (RCT)
98%
0.02 [0.00-0.33]
cases
0/64
24/64
Ahanchian (DB RCT)
73%
0.27 [0.03-2.25]
symp. case
1/29
4/31
Wischme.. (DB RCT)
33%
0.67 [0.38-1.17]
m/s case
16/91
24/91
Tau
2
= 0.25, I
2
= 68.8%, p = 0.14
Prophylaxis
40%
0.60 [0.30-1.18]
17/184
52/186
40% improvement
All studies
21%
0.79 [0.69-0.91]
131/1,149
247/1,244
21% improvement
16 probiotics COVID-19 studies after exclusions
c19probiotics.com Aug 2022
Tau
2
= 0.02, I
2
= 53.1%, p = 0.0014
Effect extraction pre-specified
(most serious outcome)
1
CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors probiotics
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Haran (RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.16]
0/174
1/176
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau
2
= 0.00, I
2
= 0.0%, p = 0.51
Early treatment
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.16]
0/174
1/176
67% improvement
d'Ettorre
87%
0.13 [0.01-2.33]
0/28
4/42
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Ceccarelli
64%
0.36 [0.18-0.68]
10/88
34/112
Ceccarelli
70%
0.30 [0.01-7.02]
0/40
1/29
Ivashkin (RCT)
-2%
1.02 [0.26-3.97]
4/99
4/101
Saviano (RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-7.95]
0/40
1/40
Trinchieri
78%
0.22 [0.03-1.93]
1/21
3/14
Tau
2
= 0.00, I
2
= 0.0%, p = 0.00069
Late treatment
61%
0.39 [0.23-0.67]
15/316
47/338
61% improvement
All studies
61%
0.39 [0.23-0.66]
15/490
48/514
61% improvement
7 probiotics COVID-19 mortality results
c19probiotics.com Aug 2022
Tau
2
= 0.00, I
2
= 0.0%, p = 0.00055
Favors probiotics
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
d'Ettorre
77%
0.23 [0.01-4.63]
0/28
2/42
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Ivashkin (RCT)
18%
0.82 [0.23-2.95]
4/99
5/101
Zhang
65%
0.35 [0.02-8.30]
0/25
1/30
Tau
2
= 0.00, I
2
= 0.0%, p = 0.4
Late treatment
38%
0.62 [0.21-1.87]
4/152
8/173
38% improvement
All studies
38%
0.62 [0.21-1.87]
4/152
8/173
38% improvement
3 probiotics COVID-19 mechanical ventilation results
c19probiotics.com Aug 2022
Tau
2
= 0.00, I
2
= 0.0%, p = 0.4
Favors probiotics
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Ceccarelli
15%
0.85 [0.48-1.50]
16/88
24/112
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Ceccarelli
82%
0.18 [0.02-1.54]
1/40
4/29
Ivashkin (RCT)
27%
0.73 [0.24-2.22]
5/99
7/101
Saviano (RCT)
86%
0.14 [0.01-2.68]
0/40
3/40
Tau
2
= 0.01, I
2
= 2.9%, p = 0.2
Late treatment
29%
0.71 [0.43-1.19]
22/267
38/282
29% improvement
All studies
29%
0.71 [0.43-1.19]
22/267
38/282
29% improvement
4 probiotics COVID-19 ICU results
c19probiotics.com Aug 2022
Tau
2
= 0.01, I
2
= 2.9%, p = 0.2
Favors probiotics
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Haran (RCT)
60%
0.40 [0.08-2.06]
hosp.
2/174
5/176
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau
2
= 0.00, I
2
= 0.0%, p = 0.28
Early treatment
60%
0.40 [0.08-2.06]
2/174
5/176
60% improvement
Shah (RCT)
11%
0.89 [0.76-1.05]
hosp. time
30 (n)
30 (n)
CT
1
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Zhang
14%
0.86 [0.77-0.96]
hosp. time
150 (n)
150 (n)
Saviano (RCT)
26%
0.74 [0.30-1.83]
hosp. time
40 (n)
40 (n)
Tau
2
= 0.00, I
2
= 0.0%, p = 0.003
Late treatment
13%
0.87 [0.80-0.95]
0/220
0/220
13% improvement
All studies
13%
0.87 [0.79-0.95]
2/394
5/396
13% improvement
4 probiotics COVID-19 hospitalization results
c19probiotics.com Aug 2022
Tau
2
= 0.00, I
2
= 0.0%, p = 0.0025
1
CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors probiotics
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Haran (RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.16]
death
0/174
1/176
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau
2
= 0.00, I
2
= 0.0%, p = 0.51
Early treatment
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.16]
0/174
1/176
67% improvement
d'Ettorre
87%
0.13 [0.01-2.33]
death
0/28
4/42
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Ceccarelli
64%
0.36 [0.18-0.68]
death
10/88
34/112
Ceccarelli
70%
0.30 [0.01-7.02]
death
0/40
1/29
Ivashkin (RCT)
-2%
1.02 [0.26-3.97]
death
4/99
4/101
Zhang
65%
0.35 [0.02-8.30]
ventilation
0/25
1/30
Saviano (RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-7.95]
death
0/40
1/40
Trinchieri
78%
0.22 [0.03-1.93]
death
1/21
3/14
Tau
2
= 0.00, I
2
= 0.0%, p = 0.00056
Late treatment
61%
0.39 [0.23-0.67]
15/341
48/368
61% improvement
Wischme.. (DB RCT)
33%
0.67 [0.38-1.17]
m/s case
16/91
24/91
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau
2
= 0.00, I
2
= 0.0%, p = 0.16
Prophylaxis
33%
0.67 [0.38-1.17]
16/91
24/91
33% improvement
All studies
50%
0.50 [0.34-0.73]
31/606
73/635
50% improvement
9 probiotics COVID-19 serious outcomes
c19probiotics.com Aug 2022
Tau
2
= 0.00, I
2
= 0.0%, p = 0.00042
Effect extraction pre-specified
(most serious outcome)
Favors probiotics
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Haran (RCT)
20%
0.80 [0.61-1.04]
recov. time
169 (n)
172 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Gutiérre.. (DB RCT)
35%
0.65 [0.53-0.80]
no recov.
69/147
105/146
Tau
2
= 0.01, I
2
= 26.7%, p = 0.0004
Early treatment
29%
0.71 [0.58-0.86]
69/316
105/318
29% improvement
Shah (RCT)
11%
0.89 [0.75-1.06]
recov. time
30 (n)
30 (n)
CT
1
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Li
-12%
1.12 [0.74-1.69]
no disch.
30/123
41/188
Zhang
14%
0.86 [0.75-0.98]
recov. time
150 (n)
150 (n)
Ivashkin (RCT)
5%
0.95 [0.84-1.08]
recov. time
99 (n)
101 (n)
Tau
2
= 0.00, I
2
= 0.0%, p = 0.019
Late treatment
9%
0.91 [0.84-0.98]
30/402
41/469
9% improvement
Wischme.. (DB RCT)
27%
0.73 [0.37-1.45]
recov. time
91 (n)
91 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau
2
= 0.00, I
2
= 0.0%, p = 0.37
Prophylaxis
27%
0.73 [0.37-1.45]
0/91
0/91
27% improvement
All studies
15%
0.85 [0.76-0.95]
99/809
146/878
15% improvement
7 probiotics COVID-19 recovery results
c19probiotics.com Aug 2022
Tau
2
= 0.01, I
2
= 49.9%, p = 0.0047
1
CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors probiotics
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Louca
8%
0.92 [0.85-0.99]
cases
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Di Pierro (RCT)
98%
0.02 [0.00-0.33]
cases
0/64
24/64
Holt
30%
0.70 [0.45-1.10]
cases
20/909
426/14,318
Ahanchian (DB RCT)
73%
0.27 [0.03-2.25]
symp. case
1/29
4/31
Wischme.. (DB RCT)
38%
0.62 [0.41-0.93]
symp. case
24/91
39/91
Tau
2
= 0.11, I
2
= 69.2%, p = 0.059
Prophylaxis
33%
0.67 [0.45-1.02]
45/1,093
493/14,504
33% improvement
All studies
33%
0.67 [0.45-1.02]
45/1,093
493/14,504
33% improvement
5 probiotics COVID-19 case results
c19probiotics.com Aug 2022
Tau
2
= 0.11, I
2
= 69.2%, p = 0.059
Favors probiotics
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Veterini
29%
0.71 [0.41-1.22]
viral time
15 (n)
15 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau
2
= 0.00, I
2
= 0.0%, p = 0.22
Early treatment
29%
0.71 [0.41-1.22]
0/15
0/15
29% improvement
Li
-35%
1.35 [1.13-1.62]
viral time
123 (n)
188 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Zhang
17%
0.83 [0.75-0.93]
viral time
150 (n)
150 (n)
Tau
2
= 0.11, I
2
= 95.1%, p = 0.83
Late treatment
-6%
1.06 [0.66-1.70]
0/273
0/338
-6% improvement
All studies
4%
0.96 [0.65-1.43]
0/288
0/353
4% improvement
3 probiotics COVID-19 viral clearance results
c19probiotics.com Aug 2022
Tau
2
= 0.10, I
2
= 90.7%, p = 0.86
Favors probiotics
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Haran (RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.16]
death
0/174
1/176
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Gutiérre.. (DB RCT)
35%
0.65 [0.53-0.80]
no recov.
69/147
105/146
Tau
2
= 0.00, I
2
= 0.0%, p < 0.0001
Early treatment
35%
0.65 [0.53-0.79]
69/321
106/322
35% improvement
Shah (RCT)
11%
0.89 [0.75-1.06]
recov. time
30 (n)
30 (n)
CT
1
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Ivashkin (RCT)
-2%
1.02 [0.26-3.97]
death
4/99
4/101
Saviano (RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-7.95]
death
0/40
1/40
Tau
2
= 0.00, I
2
= 0.0%, p = 0.19
Late treatment
11%
0.89 [0.75-1.06]
4/169
5/171
11% improvement
Di Pierro (RCT)
98%
0.02 [0.00-0.33]
cases
0/64
24/64
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Ahanchian (DB RCT)
73%
0.27 [0.03-2.25]
symp. case
1/29
4/31
Wischme.. (DB RCT)
33%
0.67 [0.38-1.17]
m/s case
16/91
24/91
Tau
2
= 1.73, I
2
= 68.2%, p = 0.11
Prophylaxis
77%
0.23 [0.04-1.41]
17/184
52/186
77% improvement
All studies
30%
0.70 [0.53-0.94]
90/674
163/679
30% improvement
8 probiotics COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials
c19probiotics.com Aug 2022
Tau
2
= 0.05, I
2
= 49.5%, p = 0.019
Effect extraction pre-specified
(most serious outcome)
1
CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors probiotics
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Haran (RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.16]
0/174
1/176
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau
2
= 0.00, I
2
= 0.0%, p = 0.51
Early treatment
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.16]
0/174
1/176
67% improvement
Ivashkin (RCT)
-2%
1.02 [0.26-3.97]
4/99
4/101
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Saviano (RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-7.95]
0/40
1/40
Tau
2
= 0.00, I
2
= 0.0%, p = 0.82
Late treatment
14%
0.86 [0.25-2.99]
4/139
5/141
14% improvement
All studies
24%
0.76 [0.24-2.42]
4/313
6/317
24% improvement
3 probiotics COVID-19 RCT mortality results
c19probiotics.com Aug 2022
Tau
2
= 0.00, I
2
= 0.0%, p = 0.65
Favors probiotics
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Gutiérre.. (DB RCT)
35%
0.65 [0.53-0.80]
no recov.
69/147
105/146
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Veterini
29%
0.71 [0.41-1.22]
viral time
15 (n)
15 (n)
Tau
2
= 0.00, I
2
= 0.0%, p < 0.0001
Early treatment
34%
0.66 [0.55-0.80]
69/162
105/161
34% improvement
d'Ettorre
87%
0.13 [0.01-2.33]
death
0/28
4/42
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Ceccarelli
64%
0.36 [0.18-0.68]
death
10/88
34/112
Shah (RCT)
11%
0.89 [0.75-1.06]
recov. time
30 (n)
30 (n)
CT
1
Li
-12%
1.12 [0.74-1.69]
no disch.
30/123
41/188
Zhang
14%
0.86 [0.77-0.96]
hosp. time
150 (n)
150 (n)
Ceccarelli
70%
0.30 [0.01-7.02]
death
0/40
1/29
Ivashkin (RCT)
-2%
1.02 [0.26-3.97]
death
4/99
4/101
Zhang
65%
0.35 [0.02-8.30]
ventilation
0/25
1/30
Saviano (RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-7.95]
death
0/40
1/40
Trinchieri
78%
0.22 [0.03-1.93]
death
1/21
3/14
Tau
2
= 0.02, I
2
= 31.0%, p = 0.047
Late treatment
17%
0.83 [0.70-1.00]
45/644
89/736
17% improvement
Louca
8%
0.92 [0.85-0.99]
cases
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Di Pierro (RCT)
98%
0.02 [0.00-0.33]
cases
0/64
24/64
Holt
30%
0.70 [0.45-1.10]
cases
20/909
426/14,318
Ahanchian (DB RCT)
73%
0.27 [0.03-2.25]
symp. case
1/29
4/31
Tau
2
= 0.17, I
2
= 69.5%, p = 0.15
Prophylaxis
35%
0.65 [0.37-1.16]
21/1,002
454/14,413
35% improvement
All studies
21%
0.79 [0.69-0.90]
135/1,808
648/15,310
21% improvement
16 probiotics COVID-19 peer reviewed trials
c19probiotics.com Aug 2022
Tau
2
= 0.02, I
2
= 53.4%, p = 0.00073
Effect extraction pre-specified
(most serious outcome)
1
CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors probiotics
Favors control
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Haran (RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.16]
death
0/174
1/176
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Haran (RCT)
60%
0.40 [0.08-2.06]
hosp.
2/174
5/176
Haran (RCT)
50%
0.50 [0.21-1.20]
hosp./ER/UC
7/169
15/181
Haran (RCT)
20%
0.80 [0.61-1.04]
recov. time
169 (n)
172 (n)
Gutiérre.. (DB RCT)
35%
0.65 [0.53-0.80]
no recov.
69/147
105/146
Veterini
29%
0.71 [0.41-1.22]
viral time
15 (n)
15 (n)
d'Ettorre
87%
0.13 [0.01-2.33]
death
0/28
4/42
d'Ettorre
77%
0.23 [0.01-4.63]
ventilation
0/28
2/42
d'Ettorre
88%
0.12 [0.02-0.61]
progression
28 (n)
42 (n)
Ceccarelli
64%
0.36 [0.18-0.68]
death
10/88
34/112
Ceccarelli
15%
0.85 [0.48-1.50]
ICU
16/88
24/112
Shah (RCT)
11%
0.89 [0.75-1.06]
recov. time
30 (n)
30 (n)
CT
1
Shah (RCT)
11%
0.89 [0.76-1.05]
hosp. time
30 (n)
30 (n)
CT
1
Shah (RCT)
83%
0.17 [0.04-0.68]
no recov.
2/30
12/30
CT
1
Shah (RCT)
4%
0.96 [0.80-1.16]
no recov.
26/30
27/30
CT
1
Li
-12%
1.12 [0.74-1.69]
no disch.
30/123
41/188
Li
-60%
1.60 [1.21-2.11]
no disch.
123 (n)
188 (n)
Li
-35%
1.35 [1.13-1.62]
viral time
123 (n)
188 (n)
Zhang
14%
0.86 [0.77-0.96]
hosp. time
150 (n)
150 (n)
Zhang
14%
0.86 [0.75-0.98]
recov. time
150 (n)
150 (n)
Zhang
17%
0.83 [0.75-0.93]
viral time
150 (n)
150 (n)
Ceccarelli
70%
0.30 [0.01-7.02]
death
0/40
1/29
Ceccarelli
82%